WORMALD AND WALKER BLANKET MILL, DEWSBURY (1932) film no: 114
Made by the Empire Marketing Board for Wormald and Walker Blanket Mills, this film documents the entire process of making woollen blankets at a mill in Dewsbury.
The film begins with an aerial view of Wormald and Walker Blanket Mills. Inside the mill there is a long line of machinery in operation, with women working at the looms. A steam train passes by the station, and then raw stacks of wool are loaded onto a horse and cart from the loading bay. At the factory, these are taken into a warehouse and inspected. In a large room workers are at long benches with account books. The wool is being sorted. The sacks of wool are emptied into a large storeroom, mixed, and loaded onto a conveyor belt into more machinery. Women are working the Jacquard looms. In another room, men are brushing down the blanket material. The wool is then boiled and put onto carts for the next stage. The wool goes through various stages of treatment before being loaded into carts from large barrels. It is then packed into bags and continues through a number of different stages including dying and weaving into the finished carpets. Scenes of men stoking the boilers follow this.
There is a large room full of looms being worked by women. The blankets are then finished off by hand, cleaned of excess wool using brushes, inspected, and packed up. There is a room with piles of unfinished blankets, and machinists are at work sewing the edges. In a machine tool room, red hot metal is being made into machine parts. In other rooms the machines are being maintained, timber is used (for packing boxes?), and baskets are hand woven.
A group of elderly staff pose for a photograph outside a large doorway, focusing on one man in particular. He is William Robinson, who, at the age of 90, had just been awarded a medal by the Yorkshire Post for having worked at one firm for longer than anyone else in Yorkshire. This posed scene is followed by another group of elderly women in working clothes. Next, the workers leave the factory at the end of the shift.
At an outdoor event, possibly the factory sports day, a man makes a speech which is followed by a game where people try to flip coins into a bowl. There are also other games including one with a blindfolded woman as well as a cricket match during which the factory can be seen in the background.
Back at the factory, men are checking and folding blankets, and the blankets are taken through large machines. Two women carry piles of finished blankets to a large store. Next long the lines of blankets hung on wooden drying racks are drying outside the factory. The blankets are then packaged for distribution, using a compression machine, and taken away in wooden crates by horse and cart. A steam engine pulls a train of goods wagons.
At an outdoor event, there is a brief speech. Additionally, there is more footage of the blankets drying outdoors. Also, there are women working the looms and brief scenes of further components of the blanket making process.
There is a brief scene of houses and streets before blankets on a roller ad then returning to the cricket game. Next wool is spun onto large spools, and then there is an external view of the factory. Large outside vats of water are shown before a river with a bridge and church. The horse drawn wagon loaded with blankets crosses the bridge. Original patterned blankets are opened up for display, and one of the women holds up a very fluffy white blanket.
There is a building with a lantern over the doorway as well as more scenes of the bridge. Then a woman finishes off the ends of a blanket on a sewing machine and holds it up for the camera. An almost finished carpet goes through a machine. Wool is cleaned or dyed in a steaming liquid.
Following this are many of the stages of the blanket making process and all the machines are in action. A man holds up for display a handful of pine shaped brushes. The blanket material is being hung out for drying before the film ends with men folding up the dried blanket.
This promotional film, made by the Empire Marketing Board for Wormald & Walker Blanket Mills, is significant in that it charts each stage of the production process, from the arrival of the raw yarn to the delivery of the finished blankets. It is one of many films held by the YFA showing textile manufacturing in the region, another being Worsted Spinning Mill made a short time after in 1936.
Of particular interest are the filmmakers themselves, the Empire Marketing Board, although they are not credited on the film. The Empire Marketing Board was set up in the 1920s by the Government to promote public issues, and market British goods throughout the empire (including, presumably, the export of British made blankets!). Under Sir Stephen Tallents, the EMB was joined in 1927 by John Grierson who set up a film unit. In 1931 he described it as, ‘ . . . rather like the League of Nations. It performs for the different countries of the Empire services which each country might find very difficult to do for itself. Common international service is its hunting ground.’ Grierson had the independence to make innovative films, often influenced by Russian filmmakers, and, with his associates, went on to make many films, including feature-length documentaries like Drifters (1929), Robert Flaherty's Industrial Britain (1931) and Basil Wright's Song of Ceylon (1934).
Many local families made a fortune out of the textile trade, often building grand houses on the outskirts of the towns overlooking the moors. This contrasts with the life of those who worked in the mills. If the number of processes shown in the film looks bewildering, so too were the different wage structures and trade unions. Each aspect of the job seemed to have its own union; such as the Bradford and District Wool Top and Noil Warehousemen’s Union. The film shows a smooth operation in the factory, but the woollen and textile industry has a tortuous labour history.
In the early 1800s Dewsbury was one of the centres of Luddite opposition to the introduction of machinery, and in the 1830s it was also one of the centres of Chartist agitation. The Chartists sought political and social reform, demanding a more democratic system of government through extending the right to vote to the working class. In August 1838, after a speech by Chartist leader Fergus O’Connell, a mob of between five and seven thousand people besieged the Dewsbury Poor Law Guardians in the town’s Royal Hotel. This radical tradition is reflected in the town’s first elected MP in 1867, John Simon, being a Jewish lawyer from Jamaica and a Liberal. In the mid 1920s the employers attempted to cut wages by 10%, leading to a lock-out. The unions won on this occasion, but in the lead up to when this film was made in 1932, with a weaker market and after bitter disputes, pay cuts were forced through.
Jenkins, J.G. (ed), The Wool Textile Industry, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1972.



2 Comments
I started work in a small mill at the age of 14 in August 1946. My starting wage was 28 shillings, which I got a riaised by 3 shillings to 31 shillings when I learnt the job.
Dewsbury was known as the heavy woollen district because it made the heavier wool for blankets and such. They were made from shoddy, which was made from old rags and some newspapers impacted together and treated and made into a strong fibre.
To converse with one another in the mill you learnt to some extent to lip read because of the noise
I was brought up near this mill (the buildings are still there though are no longer used for textile manufacture). Every night at 10pm a gun would be fired to inform the mill owners that all was well. This was known as the "10 o'clock gun". Originally an old blunderbuss was used, this was later replaced by a railway line warning charge. I believe this tradition was maintained until about 1970.
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